What Would Be the Consequences of a Deficiency of Haemoglobin?

Ever felt exhausted after climbing a single flight of stairs? Do you often find yourself gasping for breath even after minimal exertion? Before you blame it on your “lack of fitness,” let’s talk about something more crucial—your haemoglobin levels.

What Is Haemoglobin, and Why Should You Care? 

Haemoglobin is the iron-rich protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues and organs, ensuring they function properly. Haemoglobin also plays a key role in removing carbon dioxide, a waste product, from the body.

If your haemoglobin levels drop below the normal range (13.8–17.2 g/dL for men and 12.1–15.1 g/dL for women), you could be looking at a series of health complications that go way beyond just feeling tired. In India, anaemia (often caused by low haemoglobin) affects over 50% of women and children (National Family Health Survey, 2023), making it a widespread public health issue. 

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What Causes Haemoglobin Deficiency?

Haemoglobin deficiency doesn’t just happen overnight—it’s usually the result of underlying issues. Common causes include: 

• Iron Deficiency – The most common cause, often due to poor diet, blood loss (heavy periods, ulcers), or malabsorption disorders. 

• Vitamin B12 & Folate Deficiency – Essential for red blood cell production, deficiencies can result from poor diet or conditions like pernicious anaemia.

• Chronic Diseases – Kidney disease, cancer, and autoimmune disorders can interfere with haemoglobin production.

• Genetic Disorders – Conditions like thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia affect red blood cell function. 

• Bone Marrow Disorders: Diseases affecting bone marrow can hinder red blood cell production.

• Blood Loss – Surgery, injury, or internal bleeding can cause sudden haemoglobin drops.

What Happens When Haemoglobin Levels Drop? 

1. Fatigue That Feels Like a Brick Wall: 

Your body relies on oxygen to generate energy. Low haemoglobin means reduced oxygen supply, making even basic tasks feel like a full-body workout. If you find yourself feeling drained all the time, your blood might not be carrying enough oxygen to keep up with your daily activities. You may also experience muscle weakness, lack of focus, and difficulty staying awake. 

2. Shortness of Breath – Even While Binge-Watching: 

Low haemoglobin leads to decreased oxygen availability, which makes breathing feel like an uphill task—even when you’re just lying on your couch. Your body tries to compensate by making you breathe faster, leaving you feeling breathless after minimal exertion. This can be particularly dangerous for people with respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD, as it can exacerbate symptoms. 

3. Dizziness & Frequent Headaches – Your Brain’s SOS Signal: 

Your brain is a high-maintenance organ; it needs oxygen constantly. When haemoglobin levels drop, your brain struggles, leading to frequent headaches, dizziness, and even fainting spells. Some individuals also experience brain fog, making it hard to concentrate or remember things. 

4. Pale or Yellowish Skin – The Walking Ghost Effect: 

Since haemoglobin gives blood its red color, a deficiency can make your skin look pale or even slightly yellowish. If your face has started blending into the white walls, it might be time to get your haemoglobin checked. The paleness can also be noticed in your gums, inner eyelids, and nails.

5. Brittle Nails and Hair Loss – Beauty Takes a Hit: 

Think of haemoglobin as your hair and nail growth fertilizer. When it’s in short supply, your body prioritizes vital organs over aesthetics, leading to brittle nails, hair thinning, and excessive hair fall. Studies suggest that iron deficiency anaemia, which impacts haemoglobin production, is a common cause of hair loss, especially in women. 

6. Unusual Cravings – The Mystery of the Ice-Eater: 

Do you suddenly have an urge to munch on ice, dirt, or chalk? This bizarre craving, called pica, is often linked to iron deficiency anaemia, which directly affects haemoglobin production. Scientists believe this may be the body’s way of compensating for nutrient deficiencies. 

7. Rapid or Irregular Heartbeat – Your Heart Working Overtime: 

Low haemoglobin forces your heart to pump harder and faster to supply enough oxygen to your organs. Over time, this extra effort can lead to heart palpitations, chest pain, and even an enlarged heart. If left untreated, it can increase the risk of serious cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. 

8. Cold Hands and Feet – The Never-Ending Winter: 

Poor oxygen circulation can leave your extremities feeling perpetually cold. If you’re the one always complaining about freezing hands and feet while everyone else feels fine, low haemoglobin might be to blame. In extreme cases, this can lead to numbness or tingling sensations. 

Also Read: - How to increase hemoglobin during pregnancy

The Severe Consequences—When Low Haemoglobin Becomes Dangerous

Now, let’s get serious. Long-term haemoglobin deficiency doesn’t just make you tired—it can lead to major health problems. 

1. Heart Complications—Making Your Heart Work Overtime: 

Your heart is already doing enough, but with low haemoglobin, it has to pump harder to compensate for the reduced oxygen supply. Over time, this increases the risk of:

• Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia):  Your heart may beat too fast or too slow.

• Heart enlargement (cardiomegaly): A struggling heart may become enlarged, reducing efficiency.

• Heart failure: In extreme cases, prolonged oxygen deprivation can lead to heart failure. 

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), severe anaemia contributes to over 1 million deaths per year, with many due to heart complications. 

2. Cognitive Decline—When Your Brain Slows Down

Your brain needs oxygen to function efficiently. Without enough, you might experience:

• Memory problems: Forgetfulness and difficulty recalling information.

• Poor concentration: Struggling to focus at work or school.

• Increased risk of dementia: Studies suggest chronic anaemia may contribute to neurodegenerative disorders.

A 2023 study published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease found that people with anaemia have a 41% higher risk of developing dementia than those with normal haemoglobin levels. 

3. Pregnancy Complications—Risk for Both Mother and Baby

For pregnant women, low haemoglobin isn’t just about feeling weak—it can lead to:

• Preterm birth – Babies born too early face developmental challenges.

• Low birth weight – Insufficient oxygen supply can stunt fetal growth.

• Maternal mortality – Severe anaemia during pregnancy increases the risk of complications during childbirth.

According to UNICEF India, nearly 50% of pregnant women in India suffer from anaemia, making it a major public health concern.

4. Weakened Immune System—Falling Sick More Often

Your body relies on oxygen for immune function. When haemoglobin levels drop, your ability to fight infections weakens, leading to:

• Frequent colds and infections

• Slower wound healing

• Higher susceptibility to chronic illnesses

A weak immune system means that something as simple as a common cold could take weeks to recover from. 

5. Organ Damage—The Silent Killer

Long-term oxygen deprivation affects multiple organs, including:

• Liver and kidneys – Reduced oxygen supply can cause long-term damage, increasing the risk of kidney and liver failure.

• Lungs – Chronic anaemia can lead to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs).

• Muscles and tissues – Prolonged oxygen deprivation can cause muscle wasting and weakness. 

In extreme cases, severe anaemia can lead to multiple organ failure, a life-threatening condition. 

Who’s at Risk? – Not Just Vegetarians!

• Women: Due to menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth, women are more likely to experience low haemoglobin levels.

• Vegetarians & Vegans: Since meat is a major source of iron, those on plant-based diets need to be extra cautious.

• Athletes: Intense workouts can lead to a condition called sports anaemia, where haemoglobin levels drop due to increased iron loss through sweat. 

• Elderly Individuals: Age-related changes can affect iron absorption and red blood cell production.

• People with Chronic Diseases: Conditions like kidney disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal disorders can impair haemoglobin production.

How to Boost Haemoglobin Levels Naturally: 

If your haemoglobin levels need a lift, here’s what you can do: 

1. Eat Iron-Rich Foods: 

• Heme Iron (easily absorbed): Found in red meat, poultry, and fish. 

• Non-Heme Iron: Found in spinach, lentils, beans, tofu, nuts, and fortified cereals. 

• Vitamin C Boost: Helps in better iron absorption. Include oranges, lemons, strawberries, and bell peppers in your diet. 

2. Increase Folate and Vitamin B12 Intake: 

Folate helps in red blood cell formation. Load up on leafy greens, avocados, and citrus fruits. Vitamin B12, found in dairy, eggs, and fish, is essential for producing healthy red blood cells. 

3. Cut Down on Caffeine and Dairy: 

Both can interfere with iron absorption. Reduce excessive tea, coffee, and dairy intake, especially during meals. 

4. Cook in Cast-Iron Pans: 

Cooking in cast-iron utensils can boost the iron content of your meals naturally. 

5. Consider Iron Supplements (But Not Without a Doctor!): 

If dietary changes aren’t enough, your doctor may prescribe iron supplements. Avoid self-medicating, as too much iron can cause serious complications. 

When Should You Get Tested? 

If you’re experiencing persistent fatigue, dizziness, or other symptoms mentioned above, a simple Complete Blood Count (CBC) test can reveal your haemoglobin levels. O-Lab offers highly accurate diagnostic tests with quick turnaround times, ensuring that you get the right diagnosis without unnecessary delays. 

The Bottom Line – Don’t Ignore the Signs: 

Low haemoglobin isn’t just about feeling tired—it’s a signal that your body isn’t getting enough oxygen. Ignoring it can lead to serious health complications, from heart disease to cognitive decline and organ damage.

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